啥数据库？

with area(id,"name",f_id,leve) as (

  select  1,'中国',0,1 union all

  select  2,'湖北',1,2 union all

  select  3,'武汉',2,3 union all

  select  4,'云贵',1,2 union all

  select  5,'云南',4,3 union all

  select  6,'贵阳',4,3 union all

  select  7,'云南子区',5,4 union all

  select  8,'贵阳子区',6,4 union all

  select  9,'蔡甸',2,3

)

--使用cte递归求出每个节点的路径

,t(id,f_id,"name","level",fullpath) as (

  select a.id,a.f_id,a."name",a.leve,'$'+cast(a.id as varchar(max))+'$'

  from area a

  where a.leve=1

  union all

  select b.id,b.f_id,b."name",b.leve,t.fullpath+'->$'+cast(b.id as varchar(max))+'$'

  from area b

  inner join t on t.id=b.f_id

)

SELECT * FROM T WHERE fullpath LIKE '%$4$%'